1. World Health Organization. Rabies vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2002; 77: 109-19.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Availability of new rabies vaccine for human use. MMWR 1998; 47: 12, 19.
3. Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T. Rabies re-examined. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 327-43.
4. Smith JS. Molecular epidemiology. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 79-111.
5. Wunner WH. Rabies virus. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 23-77.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rabies. February 2003. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/rabies/ [Accessed 6 May 2004].
7. Niezgodia M, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht CE. Animal rabies. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 163-218.
8. Jackson AC. Human disease. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic press, 2002: 219-44.
9. Fekadu M, Endeshaw T, Alemu W, et al.Possible human-to-human transmission of rabies in Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 1996; 34: 123-7.
10. Fu ZF. Rabies and rabies research: past, present and future. Vaccine 1997; 15 Suppl: S20-4.
11. Jackson AC. Pathogenesis. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 245-82.
12. Smith JS, Fishbein DB, Rupprecht CE, et al.Unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the United States. A virologic investigation. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 205-11.
13. Jackson AC, Warrell MJ, Rupprecht CE, et al.Management of rabies in humans. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 60-3.
14. Wilde H, Briggs DJ, Meslin FX, et al.Rabies update for travel medicine advisors. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 96-100.
15. Plotkin SA. Rabies. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 4-12.
16. Trimarchi CV, Smith JS. Diagnostic evaluation. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 307-49.
17. Wacharapluesadee S, Hemachudha T. Urine samples for rabies RNA detection in the diagnosis of rabies in humans. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 874-5.
18. Childs JE. Epidemiology. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 114-62.
19. World Health Organization. International Travel and Health: situation as on 1 January 2003. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003: 82.
20. Fooks AR, Finnegan C, Johnson N, et al. Human case of EBL type 2 following exposure to bats in Angus, Scotland. Vet Rec 2002; 151: 679.
21. Speare R, Skerratt L, Foster R, et al.Australian bat lyssavirus infection in three fruit bats from north Queensland. Commun Dis Intell 1997; 21: 117-20.
22. World Health Organization. World Survey of Rabies No. 35 for the year 1999. WHO/CDS/CSR/EPH/2002.10. 2002.
23. World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on rabies post-exposure treatment and the correct technique of intradermal immunization against rabies. WHO/EMC/ZOO.96.6. 1996.
24. John TJ. An ethical dilemma in rabies immunisation. Vaccine 1997; 15 Suppl: S12-5.
25. World Health Organization. Expert committee on rabies, eighth report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 824. 1992.
26. World Health Organization. Current WHO guide for rabies pre and post-exposure treatment in humans. July 2002. Available from: http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/zoo/RabiesPET.pdf [Accessed 6 May 2004].
27. Lafon M. Immunology. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 351-69.
28. King AA, Turner GS. Rabies: a review. J Comp Pathol 1993; 108: 1-39.
29. Briggs DJ, Dreesen DW, Wunner WH.Vaccines. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 371-400.
30. a) European Pharmacopoeia. 4th edn: Strasbourg: Council of Europe, 2001. b) US Pharmacopeia USP 27 NF 22 2004. United States Pharmacopeial Convention Incorporated, 2003.
31. World Health Organization. WHO expert committee on biological standardization (1994). Forty-third report. WHO Technical Report Series No. 840. 1994.
32. Dreesen DW. A global review of rabies vaccines for human use. Vaccine 1997; 15 Suppl: S2-6.
33. Mueller H, Dhamdere G. Long-term potency testing of PCEC vaccine. XIII International Meeting on Research Advances and Rabies Control in the Americas, Oaxaca City, Mexico, 3-8 November 2002.
34. Vodopija I, Baklaic Z, Vodopija R. Rabipur: a reliable vaccine for rabies protection. Vaccine 1999; 17: 1739-41.
35. Sabchareon A, Chantavanich P, Pasuralertsakul S, et al.Persistence of antibodies in children after intradermal or intramuscular administration of preexposure primary and booster immunizations with purified Vero cell rabies vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1998; 17: 1001-7.
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Systemic allergic reactions following immunization with human diploid cell rabies vaccine. MMWR 1984; 33:185-7.
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human rabies prevention - United States, 1999. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1999; 48: 1-21.
38. Sampath G, Deshpande A, Briggs D, et al.Comparison of immunogenicity and safety of purified chick embryo culture rabies vaccine (PCECV) manufactured in India with PCECV manufactured in Germany. XIII International Meeting on Research Advances and Rabies Control in the Americas, Oaxaca City, Mexico, 3-8 November 2002.
39. Scheiermann N, Baer J, Hilfenhaus J, et al.Reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the newly developed purified chick embryo cell (PCEC)-rabies vaccine in man. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A] 1987; 265: 439-50.
40. Sehgal S, Bhattacharya D, Bhardwaj M. Ten year longitudinal study of efficacy and safety of purified chick embryo cell vaccine for pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of rabies in Indian population. J Commun Dis 1995; 27: 36-43.
41. Vodopija I, Sureau P, Lafon M, et al.An evaluation of second generation tissue culture rabies vaccines for use in man: a four-vaccine comparative immunogenicity study using a pre-exposure vaccination schedule and an abbreviated 2-1-1 postexposure schedule. Vaccine 1986; 4: 245-8.
42. Briggs DJ, Dreesen DW, Nicolay U, et al.Purified Chick Embryo Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine: interchangeability with Human Diploid Cell Culture Rabies Vaccine and comparison of one versus two-dose post-exposure booster regimen for previously immunized persons. Vaccine 2000; 19: 1055-60.
43. Dreesen DW, Fishbein DB, Kemp DT, et al.Two-year comparative trial on the immunogenicity and adverse effects of purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine for pre-exposure immunization. Vaccine 1989; 7: 397-400.
44. Vodopija R, Lafont M, Baklaic Z, et al.Persistence of humoral immunity to rabies 1100 days after immunization and effect of a single booster dose of rabies vaccine. Vaccine 1997; 15: 571-4.
45. Thraenhart O, Kreuzfelder E, Hillebrandt M, et al.Long-term humoral and cellular immunity after vaccination with cell culture rabies vaccines in man. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 71: 287-92.
46. Dreesen DW, Briggs DJ. 14-year duration of rabies neutralizing antibody following booster with rabies PCECV and anamnestic response to a single booster dose. XIII International Meeting on Research Advances and Rabies Control in the Americas, Oaxaca City, Mexico, 3-8 November 2002.
47. Lumbiganon P, Chaiprasithikul P, Sookpranee T, et al.Pre-exposure vaccination with purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccines in children. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1989; 7: 99-101.
48. Sehgal S, Bhardwaj M, Bhattacharya D. Immunogenicity and feasibility of purified chick embryo cell vaccine. Indian Pediatr 1994; 31: 133-7.
49. Lumbiganon P, Wasi C. Survival after rabies immunisation in newborn infant of affected mother. Lancet 1990; 336: 319.
50. Sampath G, Sangram P, Parikh S, Briggs DJ: Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in malnourished children exposed to suspect rabid animals. Vaccine 2005; 23: 1102-1105.
51. Deshpande A, Briggs DJ. Rabies vaccination in immunosuppressed patients. In: Dodet E, Meslin FX, Heseltine E, eds. Rabies Control in Asia. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Rabies Control in Asia, Hanoi, Vietnam, 5-9 March 2001: John Libbey Eurotext, Paris: 58-60.
52. Fescharek R, Quast U, Dechert G. Postexposure rabies vaccination during pregnancy: experience from post-marketing surveillance with 16 patients. Vaccine 1990; 8: 409.
53. Miller JR, Orgel HA, Meltzer EO. The safety of egg-containing vaccines for egg-allergic patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1983; 71: 568-73.
54. World Health Organization. Supplementary information on vaccine safety. Part 2: Background rates of adverse events following immunization. Available from: http://www.who.int/vaccines-documents/DocsPDF00/www562.pdf [Accessed 6 May 2004].
55. Warrell MJ, Nicholson KG, Warrell DA, et al.Economical multiple-site intradermal immunisation with human diploid-cell-strain vaccine is effective for post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. Lancet 1985; 1: 1059-62.
56. Briggs DJ. Public health management of humans at risk. In: Jackson AC, Wunner WH, eds. Rabies. San Diego, USA: Academic Press, 2002: 401-28.
57. World Health Organization. Intradermal application of rabies vaccines. Report of a WHO Consultation, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 June 2000. WHO/CDS/CSR/APH/2000.5. 2000.
58. Meslin FX. The challenge to provide affordable rabies post-exposure treatment. Vaccine 2003; 21: 4122-3.
59. Briggs DJ, Banzhoff A, Nicolay U, et al.Antibody response of patients after postexposure rabies vaccination with small intradermal doses of purified chick embryo cell vaccine or purified Vero cell rabies vaccine. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 693-8.
60. Kamoltham T, Singhsa J, Promsaranee U, et al.Elimination of human rabies in a canine endemic province in Thailand: five-year programme. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81: 375-81.
61. Quiambao BP, Dimaano EM, Ambas C, Davis R, Banzhoff A, Malerczyk C: Reducing the cost of post-exposure rabies prophylaxis: efficacy of 0.1 ml PCEC rabies vaccine administered intradermally using the Thai Red Cross post-exposure regimen in patients severely exposed to laboratory-confirmed rabid animals. Vaccine 2005; 23: 1709-1714.
62. Kamoltham T, Wilde H, Hemachudha T. Affordable worldwide rabies post-exposure treatment. Vaccine 2003; 21: 2691.
63. Madhusudana SN. Intradermal immunization for rabies prophylaxis: issues to be considered in India and other developing countries. Vaccine 2003; 21: 3095-6.
64. Madhusudana SN, Anand NP, Shamsundar R. Economical multi-site intradermal regimen with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (Rabipur) prevents rabies in people bitten by confirmed rabid animals. Int J Infect Dis 2002; 6: 210.
65. Ljubicic M, Vodopija I, Smerdel S, et al.Efficacy of PCEC vaccine in post-exposure rabies prophylaxis. In: Vodopija I, Nicholson K, Smerdel S, et al., eds. Improvements in rabies post-exposure treatment. Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health, 1985: 95-101.
66. Wasi C, Chaiprasithikul P, Puthavathana P, et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of the new tissue culture rabies vaccine for human use. In: Vodopija I, Nicholson K, Smerdel S, et al., eds. Improvements in rabies post-exposure treatment. Zagreb: Zagreb Institute of Public Health, 1985: 85-94.
67. Tanphaichitra D, Siristonpun Y. Study of the efficacy of a purified chick embryo cell vaccine in patients bitten by rabid animals. Intern Med J 1987; 3: 158-160.
68. Sehgal S, Bhardwaj M, Bhatia R. Clinical evaluation of purified chick embryo cell antirabies vaccine for post-exposure treatment. J Commun Dis 1988; 20: 293-300.
69. Head, Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
70. Also known as thiomersalate and mercurothiolate.
71. Based on the chapter by E. Fuenzalida in the previous edition.
72. Chief, Quality Control Unit, PAHO/WHO Pan American Institute for Food Protection and Zoonoses (INPPAZ), Martinez, Argentina.
73. Also known as thimerosal and mercurothiolate.
74. At its eighth meeting in 1991, the WHO Expert Committee on Rabies stressed that rabies virus strains used for the production of vaccines must be carefully selected and that periodic checks must be carried out on their antigenic identity (to ensure that strains other than those used for vaccine production are not introduced).
75. Head, department of Virology, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute, Berne, Switzerland.
76. Also known as macrogot.
77. Also known as mercurothiolate and thiomersalate.
78. Former Head, Rabies Vaccine Production Department, Sera and Vaccines, Mérieux Institute, Marcy l’Etoile, France.
79. Head, Regulatory Affairs, Mérieux Institute, Marcy l’Etoile, France
80. Head, Pharmaceutical department, Mérieux Institute, Marcy l’Etoile, France
81. Former Head, Rables Vaccine Development and Production, Behring Institute, Marburg, Germany
82. Head, Veterinary Vaccine Production, Behring Institute, Marburg, Germany
83. American Type Culture Collection
84. Also known as ethyienediamine tetraacetate or EDTA.
85. Former Head, Rabies Vaccine Development and Production, Behring Institute, Marburg, Germany.
86. Head, Veterinary Vaccine Production, Behring Institute, Marburg, Germany.
87. Former Head, Department of Viral Vaccines, Wuhan Institute for Biological Products, Ministry of Public Health, Wuchang, China.
88. Also known as thimerosal and mercurothiolate.
89. Former Head, Rables Vaccine Development and Production, Behring Institute, Marburg, Germany
90. Head, Veterinary Vaccine Production, Behring Institute, Marburg, Germany
91. Former Head, Rabies Prophylaxis Laboratory, Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitic Diseases, Academy of Medical Sciences of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation.
92. Laboratory techniques in rabies; Edited by: F.-X. Meslin, M. M. Kaplan, H. Koprowski; 4th edition; World Health Organization, Geneva, 1996
93. MMWR 2004, 53; p586-589 and MMWR 2004, 53; p615-616
94. http://www.rabnet.who.int
95. Investigation of rabeis infections in organ donor and transplant recipients-Alabama, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas, 2004.
MMWR. 2004.53:586-9.
96. Recovery of a patient from clinical rabies-Wisconsin, 2004
MMWR. 53:1171-1173.2004